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Gravothermal Coil.
Description.
(Shortened translation from Russian into English)
The Gravothermal Coil is intended to create very high and very low static pressures. It will permit:
guiding thermonuclear synthesis for energy production;
the production of nuclear isotopes;
mixed nuclear and thermonuclear reactions;
chemical reactions under very high and very low static pressures;
transformations of phase and crystal states of substances.
Geometrically, the Gravothermal Coil resembles an electromagnetic coil, but instead of wire, it consists of a helical gas-filled tube. The plane of its spires is perpendicular to the Earth's surface. The spires can have the form of rings or rectangles. For the sake of simplicity, the description is that of a coil with rectangular spires.
Constructing the Gravothermal Coil will require advanced technology. Useful effects may be achieved if the tube in the coil has a length of several thousands of kilometers and if the difference in temperature between the sides of the coil is several thousand Kelvins. Suitable dimensions for the coil might be -- length: 1 km, height: 50 m, width: 50 m. Hydrogen would be the most effective working gas, but in order to avoid chemical reactions with the tube, other gases may be substituted for it, and the tube lengthened. The tube is made from heat resistant material laid down in the building walls in numerous layers of numerous coils. The space separating the coils is filled with elastic material. In Figure1 a single-layered coil is shown.
The tube is filled with working gas, one side of the coil (spire) is constantly heated, and the other side of the coil (spire) is cooled. As a result, a pressure difference will develop between the ends of the coil, its magnitude depending on the length of the tube and the temperature difference. The growth of the pressure difference is discussed in "The Formula of Invention. It is caused by "The Gravogeometric Paradox" (described at the bottom).
The diameter of the tube will depend on the main destination of the device. The length of the tube will depend on the required pressure. The maximum length of the tube will be limited by the strength of materials.
This description only concerns the Gravothermal Coil, which is extremely simple. The difficulties are contained in comparatively large size of the coil, in high requirements to properties of materials and to the process of its assembly.
The time required to develop the pressure difference may be considerable, on the order of several days. If there is a leak in the coil, it will impede the process because of friction in the gas inside the tube. The best possible effect is achievable with the gas nearly at rest, and consequently with minimal leakage and a minimally permeable tube.
The Gravogeometric Paradox.
In order to understand the Gravogeometric Paradox, consider the following thought experiment.
Figure 2. There is a weightless pipe (1) around the Earth. It's mass is zero. The pipe lies not on the supports, but on the scales (3). Several massive balls (2) roll inside the tube in opposite directions. The balls collide, changing the direction of their motions without any loss in the magnitudes of their moments. The balls' velocities are less than the first cosmic velocity. Consequently, the balls weigh down on the tube. And the tube weighs down on the scales. The readings on the scales are positive.
Figure 3. In this case the balls are rolling inside the tube with velocities greater than the first cosmic velocity. The balls have masses and the tube is massless. Consequently, the balls try to lift the tube away from the Earth, and the scale readings are negative.
Figure 4. Here, the balls' velocities equal the first cosmic velocity. Flying inside the tube, they don't touch its walls. The readings are zero, and the balls are weightless.
Figure 5. Let's cut a piece from the tube, and let's weld its ends shut. The speed of the balls equals the first cosmic velocity. The balls push neither upwards nor downwards against the tube, but they strike its ends, imparting momentum to it, and the tube applies these forces to the scales. The readings are positive, and the balls have weight now.
Figure 6. Now let's remove the welded ends of this piece of the tube. At the open ends of the tube we erect vertical walls, separate from the tube. The speeds of the balls remain the same. They pass their inertia to the walls and don't touch the tube. The tube and the balls are weightless again, and the scales register zero.
In order for the balls (molecules of gas) to have the same speed after collisions as before, it is necessary that the walls have the same temperature as the gas. Then the weight of the gas relatively the ceiling and the floor will be zero, but passes to the bottom by vertical walls, if the velocities of gas molecules are equal the first cosmic velocity.
If the ceiling and floor are the layers of the same gas, then we see the contradiction in the barometric formula. According to the barometric formula, pressure grows towards the bottom. In this case, then velocities of gas molecules are equal the first cosmic velocity, the pressure does not grow at all.
The analysis shows that the forces of gas molecules do bear downwards if their speeds are less than the first cosmic velocity. If this velocities are equal, then pressure does not change at this sector of heights. If velocities of gas are bigger the first cosmic velocity, then gas will abandon the star or planer. If hot gas is closed inside the object, then pressure grows up inside the object.
The Gravogeometric Paradox can easily be confused with the phenomenon of convection, or Archimede's force, but it is entirely different. Archimede's force may occur in homogeneous gravity fields. The phenomenon of the Gravogeometric Paradox occurs in spherically symmetric homogeneous gravity fields.
(The paper was submitted to the Russian patent agency on the 21 of June 2000, # 2000115803)
December 3, 2024 - The above text was written 25 years ago.
Picture of the Day.
The particle flies for days, colliding with other particles like itself, and proves to us the Arch Effect in stars and planets.
This is a screenshot from my PC. Three VB programs ArcBall are at work. Gravitating objects in every program were divided by 40 000 spherical shells. Top right object has 360 trillions particles; bottom right object has 720 trillions parcicles; left object has one quadrillion (1015) particles. So, the only difference today is the number of particles. But look at the traces of observed particles. The quadrillioner has the smallest and denciest cloud, at the left sphere. The 720-trillioner makes the bigger cloud at right bottom sphere. 360-trillion object has the biggest cloud. I put his trace in Paint program and laid it over its VB program.
Every cloud concists from hundreds of links. Every link on the picture was made after the particle made 100 000 steps from cell to cell. In every cell the observed particle made from zero to dozens of collisions with other particlles.
Green graph is the theoretical concentration of particles, which was received on my Arc Effect program. Yellow graph is the experimental concentration of the particles. We need more time to waite in order to see the result. Look for my pages later.
You can also read my Russian-language pages - they are more informative.
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darkenergy@yandex.ru Ivan Gorelik.